Objective: To performa doseââ?¬â??responsemeta-analysis of prospective cohort studies investigating\nthe association between long-term coffee intake and risk of hypertension. Methods: An online systematic\nsearch of studies published up to November 2016 was performed. Linear and non-linear doseââ?¬â??response\nmeta-analyses were conducted; potential evidence of heterogeneity, publication bias, and confounding\neffect of selected variables were investigated through sensitivity and meta-regression analyses.\nResults: Seven cohorts including 205,349 individuals and 44,120 cases of hypertension were included.\nIn the non-linear analysis, there was a 9% significant decreased risk of hypertension per seven cups of\ncoffee a day, while, in the linear doseââ?¬â??response association, there was a 1% decreased risk of hypertension\nfor each additional cup of coffee per day. Among subgroups, therewere significant inverse associations for\nfemales, caffeinated coffee, and studies conducted in the US with longer follow-up. Analysis of potential\nconfounders revealed that smoking-related variables weakened the strength of association between coffee\nconsumption and risk of hypertension. Conclusions: Increased coffee consumption is associated with\na modest decrease in risk of hypertension in prospective cohort studies. Smoking status is a potential\neffect modifier on the association between coffee consumption and risk of hypertension.
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